A joint operating agreement, or JOA, is a legal document that sets out the governance and operations of two or more companies working together to share resources and achieve common goals. Typically, a JOA is used in the oil and gas industry, where companies collaborate on exploration, drilling, and production activities. However, JOAs can also be used in other industries, such as mining or telecommunications.

A JOA defines the responsibilities and obligations of each party, the sharing of costs and profits, and how to resolve disputes. It can be a complex document that covers a wide range of issues, including:

1. Scope of operations: A JOA outlines the specific operations that the parties will undertake. This can include exploration, development, production, marketing, and transportation.

2. Financial terms: The agreement specifies how the parties will share costs and profits. This can include the allocation of expenses, the sharing of revenues, and the payment of royalties.

3. Governance structure: The JOA sets out the decision-making process and the roles and responsibilities of each party. This can include the appointment of a management committee, the hiring of staff, and the establishment of reporting procedures.

4. Dispute resolution: A JOA includes provisions for resolving conflicts that may arise between the parties. This can include mediation, arbitration, or litigation.

In summary, a joint operating agreement is a legal agreement between two or more companies that outlines the terms and conditions of their collaboration. It is an essential tool for managing risk, sharing costs and profits, and ensuring operational efficiency. If you are considering a joint venture or partnership, it is important to work with experienced legal counsel to draft a JOA that meets your needs and protects your interests. With the right agreement in place, you can build a successful partnership that benefits all parties involved.